VoIP business worldwide from Then and Now

VoIP was invented in Israel(1995) by a company called VocalTec. The insufficient availability of telephone and high cost lead to the foundation of VoIP. 

Today, VoIP worth more than 100 billion $ worldwide.

After 3 years of invention, in 1998 VoIP calls account for less than 1% of total calls and in 2000, it accounts for 3% of total calls. By 2003, there were total 7 Billion $ revenue from VoIP. The telecom operators were struggling and thus the charge for calls were almost half. 

The early days of VoIP began with the international long distance communication. The cheaper rate was the main concern over its development. This effect was seen on the telecom operators. The operators began to sustain by purchasing the VoIP from International Exchange Carriers and deployed it by offering at a cheaper rate.

In 2005, VoIP vendor, iBasis alone transacted around 7.7 Billion voip minutes. Skype , a global internet VoIP service provider, has gained over 75 million on-line subscribers in just over two and a half years, after its launch in 2003.

When VoIP took aggressive market, telecom providing POTS where loosing $10 Billion per year from 2001.

In  2000, US company AT&T , Verizona also deployed the system which are capable of supporting VoIP service.  

In June 2004, Vonage, broadband service provider, say the average American phone bill is $72 a month, but vonage provides unlimited calls throughout the United States and Canada for $34.99 a month.

Telecom operators were fighting to keep their customer from cable companies.

By April 2004, Skype has 10 Million users.

In the same year, a research firm says, nearly 62% of North American  businesses , have already switched to internet telephony, either entirely or in part.

By 2010,the fixed line telecom revenue may fall by 25% due to VoIP. Mean while the mobile operators loose revenue by 80%.

However, there were no Emergency call facility in VoIP. FCC takes a bold steps, saying all vendors should provide this service. At the same, VoIP was on track to exceeded $1 Billion in revenue with over 3 Million users.

According to Future Market Insights, In 2012, the corporate consumer VoIP market registered 98.9 billion subscriber, accounting for US$43.27 billion in global revenue.

It also forecast an increase to around 204.8 billion corporate consumer by 2020, accounting for US $86.20 billion in global revenue.

There are about 688 businesses in VoIP industry.

VOIP from then and now | VOIP history

What is voip?

VOIP is the real time transmission of voice over internet protocol. The fundamental of voip is the telephone and the internet. Telephone is used to send our real time voice via local exchange. Exchange is the place where the routing and switching is done of large subscribers. Now after internet was invented, our voice now can be sent via an internet instead of exchange. Voice now will be converted into packets. Packets are the small group of information. Such way of sending our voice/videos is the VOIP.

The invention of PSTN and  internet lead the foundation of VOIP. The telephone was invented by Alexander Gram Bell in 1870's. After the first invention, in 1878, first exchange was established in new Haven, USA. In 1889, hte "strowger switch" was invented which connects one line to any of 100 lines using relays and sliders. Thus was used for almost next 50 years.

On the other side, during mid 1900's, the transistor was invented. Dr Shannon published ,"A mathematical theory of communication" which promoted the concept of communicating in binary code. This lead the foundation for the modern digital communication.

In 1963, US company AT&T created"Touch Tone Dialing". This replaced the human operators because of its automated menus and functionality. This allowed the calls to be switched digitally. 

Mean while, in the year 1968 , Internet was first developed by ARPANET(Advanced Research Project Agency Network ) in USA. In 1989, HTTP was developed in Geneva Switzerland. This formed the basic invention in world wide web(WWW).

Although the telephone and internet were vital to existence of voip, there was another technology that is closely related. In 1972, Vint Cerf and Robert Elliot Kahn invented transmission control protocol/internet protocol(TCP/IP).

VOIP started in February of 1995 by a small company in Israel called Vocaltec. Their product internet phone, allowed one user to call another user via their computers, a microphone and a set of speakers. This would worked for both PC having same software.

In the year 1996, voice mail applications came to life. users can send voice mail over the internet to the phone. However, poor sound quality, loss of connections, etc were major drawbacks.

In 1998, vocaltec went to create computer to telephone and telephone to telephone calling capacity for voip. voip calls accounted for less than 1% in 1998 because of the advertisement that they need to listen before and after the voice call. However, this accounts for 3% of all voice calls in 2000.

Growth and Popularity: 

Different companies pioneered in voip switching. By 2003, VOIP calls account for 25% of all voice calls. The availability of broadband internet services leads to this major leapfrog.

In around 2000, different instant messaging software like MSN messenger, yahoo chat was released. In 2003, skype launch its beta software that it allowed people to make computer voice calls, instant messaging with making voip a full utilization. Soon skype was used to make calls on landline and phones but at a cheaper rate then other VOIP companies. In 2005, Skype introduced video chat into their software, which makes them no one company in the market.

In 2006, yahoo also started providing voice calls between computers. In the same year, microsoft also releases beta of windows live messenger that offer PC to PC, PC to Phone calling service called windows live. In the year, 2012 VIber provide free HD voice calls between applications. Facebook messenger , whatsapp , Line are other application that widely use voip for calls.

The rising market of voip in the year 2014 have been seen in the telecom operators after they provide VoLTE service. It is voice over LTE. Now the smartphones supporting VoLTE can easily send their voice by breaking into packets through the network. As of January 2017, 55 countries have over 102 operators providing VoLTE service. 

VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol

LTE: Long Term Evolution

PC: Personal COmpyter

HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

  

Top 10 best Online universities in USA

As according to the webometrics there are almost 26368 universities in the world. In USA alone there are 3281 universities that offer various courses from graduate to PHD. However as according to the US department of education there are 4724 institutions that provide degrees.  Among top 100 universities in the world ,  the USA covers 61 of this and followed by United Kingdom -7. 

This clearly shows the education system, the government policy and the quality of the united states universities. There are over 28,683 online degree courses offered by various universities all around the world. The majority of courses offered by the universities are of the US. As data provided by thebestschools we have list 10 universities that provides the quality online courses:

1. Penn State World Campus: It offers more than 120 online programs for undergraduate and graduate degrees, as well as certificate programs. 

Online offerings include degrees in fields such as technology, engineering, education, healthcare, business and more. Penn State world campus enrolls more than 12000 students.

2. University of Florid Distance Learning (Gainesville, Florida): 

It is a public, Sea Grant, space-grant, and land-grant research university which enrolls more than 49,900 students. It offers more than 300 undergraduate and graduate programs. It has 16 colleges and 150 research centers and institutes.

3. UMass Online(Amherst, Massachusetts): It offers more than 40 masters programs including gerontology, security studies, and criminal justice,: four doctoral programs and dozens of certificate programs.

4. Boston University(Boston, Massachusetts): Enrolls about 33,000 students across 18 colleges and schools. It offers online undergraduate courses, as well as a variety of online degree programs such as an online bachelor's degree completion program; eighteen online master's degree programs: including management, taxation law, and art education: and doctoral programs in music education and occupational therapy.

5. Northeastern University(Boston, Massachusetts): As a private, non profit research university : enrolls about 20,000 students in nine colleges and schools. It provides nearly 200 programs of undergraduate and graduate (including doctoral) degrees. With more than 60 online degree programs, it provides students for time flexibility to earn the degree. 

6.  Indiana University-IU Online(Bloomington, Indiana):  As a public university, enrolls more than 110,000 students across nine campuses and two centers. It offers hundreds of online classes and more than 100 online degrees and academic certificate programs. Two dozen online master degree programs are offered.

7. Arizona State University-ASU Online(Tempe, Arizona): It is a public research university. It offers 140 online degree programs including undergraduate and graduate(including doctoral) degree programs, as well as variety of certificate programs through ASU Online. Online courses including art history, business, film, justice studies, nutrition, English, electrical engineering and so on.

8. University of Minnesota-Twin Cities( Minneapolis, Minnesota):  It is a public grant, sea Grant, space-grant university enrolls 51 thousand students. The online degrees like applied health manufacturing management, entrepreneurship and communication are offered in undergraduate programs. Online students have access to financial aid, technical support and library resources.4

9. University of Arizona(Tucson, Arizona): It is a public research university enrolling about 42,000 students. Offers more than 330 programs of study leading to undergraduate, graduate and professional degrees. 

It offers more than 80 online degree programs like mining, geological and geophysical engineering, library and information science,etc.

10. Oregon State University-OSU Ecampus(Corvallis, Oregon): It is a public research university, enrolls more than 30,000 students across its dozen colleges. It offers more than 900 online courses and a host of degree programs through OSU Ecampus.

Top 10 telecom service providers

There are about 800 telecom service providers companies as registered to GSMA of total 220 countries. Among this large operators, as according to investopedia : the top ten telecom service providers are listed below:

1) China Mobile Ltd.

Serving China as the leading provider of telecommunications services by number of subscribers with approximately 849 million customers, China Mobile Ltd. It  is the top telecommunications company in the world. It has a market value of $215.3 billion as of April 2017, and between January and December 2016 its customer base grew by 2.5%. 

2) Verizon Communications Inc.

Verizon Communications, Inc. It is the largest telecommunications company in the United States. Its market value is estimated at $191.72 billion as of April 2017, and its sales weigh in at $131.8 billion (according to Forbes). Formed in 2000 with headquarters in New York City, Verizon came about as a result of the merger between Bell Atlantic Corp and GTE Corp. In 2015, Verizon completed its acquisition of AOL. The sale came after a 2014 purchase by Verizon of Vodafone’s 45% interest stake in Verizon stock. Verizon currently operates in 150 countries.

3) AT&T Inc.

AT&T Inc.  is the second-largest telecommunications company in the United States with a market value of $245.58 billion. AT&T provides voice services in more than 200 countries and operates more than 34,000 Wi-Fi hotspots. According to its website, AT&T covers more than 355 million people. It expanded its AT&T GigaPower, an ultra-fast Internet service, to 56 metropolitan locations in the United States, with plans for further expansion. In 2006, AT&T acquired BellSouth. It purchased DirecTV in May 2014 for $48.5 billion, which allowed the company to offer customers the option to bundle more services into the same package.

4) Vodafone Group plc

Vodafone Group plc’s headquarters are in the United Kingdom, and the company services around 444 million mobile customers. Vodafone’s market value is $68.41 billion as of April 2016. From 2012 to 2014, Vodafone acquired three companies: Cable & Wireless Worldwide, Kabel Deutschland, and Ono. The company’s Standard & Poor's long-term credit rating is A-. Mobile in-bundle sales account for 42% of Vodafone’s group service revenue, while 27% of revenue comes from mobile out-of-bundle sales. Vodafone is the most valuable brand in the United Kingdom and hosts mobile operations in 26 countries.

5) Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Corporation

Founded in Japan where fast Internet connections are plentiful, Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Corporation  has a market value of $86.13 billion as of April 2017. Fiber connections are highly valued in Japan, and Japanese companies are known to spend heavily to attain the newest Internet technology. This environment has helped boost Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Corporation’s prevalence. Unlike other telecommunications companies, Nippon derives much of its business from fiber Internet connections rather than bundle packages. Increasingly, the company is looking to sales of its cloud computing services to expand its customer base.

6) Softbank Group Corp.

Softbank Group Corp. started in 1981 as a packaged software distributor and has since created a domestic telecommunications segment that services Japan’s mobile communication, device, and broadband needs. The company’s market value is $81,459.54 million. Softbank owns an 80% stake in U.S. phone services provider Sprint in addition to managing Yahoo! Japan. In 2015, Softbank purchased IBM’s licensing for its robot "Watson" to create a Japanese Android called "Pepper," with plans to sell the robot to retail customers. Softbank announced the robot could read human emotions. The first 1,000 units of Pepper robots sold out in November 2015. 

7) Deutsche Telekom AG

Deutsche Telekom AG services more than 100 million mobile customers with a presence in over 50 countries and 218,341 employees. The German company has a market value of $76.11 billion, and more than half of its revenue is generated outside of Germany. Telekom seeks to build efficient networks that meet future broadband needs.In 2013, Telekom became the first telecommunications company to present a smartphone with the Firefox OS. In 2015, the company launched a standardized European network, implementing three of 10 countries in a cross-border infrastructure development.

8) Telefonica S.A.

Telefonica S.A. originates from Spain. It serves 21 countries with its customer base largely concentrated in Latin America. Telefonica’s market value is $52.84 billion, its products and services include cloud computing, mobility services, data centers, enterprise voice and security services. Telefonica markets its three primary brands with different target audiences. Movistar serves Spain and Latin America; O2 serves the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia; and VIVO serves Brazil. Over the past two years, Telefonica has focused on investment as a means of expanding the business. The company also runs several smaller specialist brands, including Wayra, a startup accelerator. 

9) America Movil

Mexican company America Movil  serves 363.5 million access lines, including 280.6 million mobile subscribers worldwide. Total coverage of America Movil’s mobile, fixed lines, broadband and television services is expansive. The company has a market value of $49.385 billion; however, this is a much lower value than seen in previous years as the company battles a series of anti-conglomerate rules aimed at dismantling the company's telecommunications monopoly. Most recently, in April 2017 Mexico's telecommunications regulator said America Movil had 65 days to legally separate its Telmex fixed-line infrastructures division from its cellular division. 

10) China Telecom

China Telecom is a state-owned company that provides fixed-line telephone services to 194 million customers. According to it its website, by the end of 2016, its mobile services reached 62.36 million customers, and broadband reached 113 million. The company’s market value is $309.16 billion, and company headquarters are located in Beijing. Holding company China Telecom Corporation Limited  experienced a public offering in 2002 in Hong Kong and New York City. China Telecom’s second holding company, China Communications Services Corporation Limited, launched its Hong Kong IPO in 2006. China Telecom’s commercial brands include E-surfing, E-surfing Navigator, E-surfing E Home and E-surfing Flying Young.

Signalling system 7 (SS 7) and its network:

Signalling system 7 and its network:

Common channel signaling technique, using a separate network of computer to send and receive message as signals, has been adopted by ITU as CCIS7 and is referred to as SS7.

Prior to SS7:

1.       When a long distance was made , the call was connected  to exchange by exchange through the long distance network.

2.        On calls to a busy telephone, the call  would be established over the network and tie-up numerous circuits in the PSTN just to return a busy signal from the far end exchange.

a.       When a call is placed over the long distance network, the exchange (connected to the calling subscriber) will launch a query over the SS7 network to establish a call setup path and to test the called subscriber.

b.      If the called party is busy, a busy signal is returned to the calling party of the originating exchange.

c.       If the called line is idle, the SS7 now issues signaling message to each exchange that will be used to connect the call.

d.      Each exchange will communicate over SS7 network and identify the free circuits to be used between each exchange for the voice  circuit and trunk circuits are reserved for the call.

e.      A signal is set to the terminating, instructing it to ring the called line.

f.        The caller receives the ring back tone from its originating exchange.

g.       When  the called party answers the call, the reserved trunks are then connected and voice circuit path is completed between the calling and called parties.

h.      SS7 is a network of its own.

This network consists of 3 major parts: STP, SCP and SSP

A)     Signal transfer point(STP):

a)      It is a packed based switch.

b)      It receives and send message signal to proper destination.

c)       It also forms specialized routine function.

B)      Service control point (SCP):

a)      This node acts as a database which provides the information for the advanced call in the network.

C)      Service signaling point(SSP):

a)      This node is the end exchange equipped with SS7 enabled software and having signal lines.

b)      Every  will have SSP to connect with SS7 network.

c)       SSP’s behaves like an exchange for different functions like starting the transmission as well as termination of the line in the network.

d)      SSP’s are connected with other STP’s and SCP‘s in the ss7 network.

Interference in mobile/cellular communication

Interference in mobile communication:

Pic: Interference in between two water waves

The limiting of available electromagnetic spectrum results in the time congestion which results in interference. The interference can occur from clash with another mobile in the same cell or because of a cell in the adjacent cell. There can be interference between the base stations operating at same frequency band or any other non-cellular energy leaking inadvertently into the frequency band of the cellular system. If there is an interference in the voice channels, cross talk is heard and will appear as noise between the users. Moreover the interference also depends upon the area and population. The interference can be divided into 2 parts: co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference.

1. Co-channel interference(CCI): For the efficient use of available spectrum, it is necessary to reuse frequency bandwidth over relatively small geographical areas. However, increasing frequency reuse also increases interference which decreases system capacity and services quality. The cell where the same set of frequencies is used are called co-channel cells. Co-channel interference is the cross talk between two different radio transmitters using the same radio frequency as is the case with the co-channel cells. 

     The reasons of the CCI can be because of either adverse weather climate or poor radio frequency planning  or over crowded radio spectrum. If the cell size and the power transmitter at the base stations are same then CCI will become independent of the transmitted power and will depend on radius of the cell(R) and the distance between the interfering co-channel cells (D). if D/R ratio is  increased, then the effective distance between the co-channel cells will increase and interference will decrease. The parameter Q is called the frequency reuse ratio is related to the cluster size. For hexagonal geometry:

                              Q=D/R=

The effect of  co-channel interference can be minimized by optimizing the frequency assignments of the base stations and their transmit powers. Tilting the base station antenna to limit the spread of the signals in the system can also be done.

2. Adjacent channel interference (ACI):  This type of interference is caused by adjacent channels i.e. channels in adjacent cell. It is the signal impairment which occurs to one frequency due to presence of another signal on a nearby frequency. This occurs when imperfect receiver filters allow nearby frequencies to leak into the passband. His problem is enhanced if the adjacent channel user is transmitting in a close range compared to the subscribers receiver while the receiver attempts to receive a base station on a channel. This is called near-far effect. 

The more adjascent channels are packed into the channel block, the higher the spectral efficiency, provided that the performance degradation can be tolerated in the system link budget. This effect can also occur of a mobile close to a base station transmits on a channel close to one being used by a weak mobile. This problem might occur if the base station has problem in discriminating the mobile user from the “bleed over” caused by the  close adjacent channel mobile. 

Adjacent channel interference occurs more frequently in small cell clusters and heavily used cells. If the frequency separation between channel is kept large this interference can be reduced to some extent. This assignment of channels is given such that they do not form a contiguous band of frequencies within a particular cell and frequency separation is maximized. Efficient assignment strategies are very much important in making the interference as less as possible.

VoLTE | Difference between VoLTE & LTE | Rise of VoLTE

VoLTE | Difference of VoLTE & LTE | Rise of VoLTE

In this post,  we are going to cover major topic but not limited to:

1. What is VoLTE stand for?

2. Brief Introduction of LTE and VoIP

3. Difference between VoLTE and LTE?

4. Advantages of VoLTE | Rise of VoLTE

VoLTE stands for Voice over Long-Term Evolution. In order to master the VoLTE we need to know major two terms LTE and VoIP. I will explain briefly on these two topics:

LTE: It's acronym is Long-Term Evolution. It is also called as 4G. However, as defined by ITU- International Telecommunication Union, 4G must have at least 100 Megabits per second on peak speed which means that when we are in moving vehicle or train.  when we are stationary, there must be around 1Gigabits per second. But this was not much possible as there is undergoing research. 

So the substantial improvement  in 3G lead on a point such that they can be classified as 4G and thus named as LTE. LTE sole purpose is to solve the rampant increase in demand of data with using existing technology. 

VoIP: It is the technology, that will transmit the voice using IP or packets without using conventional circuit switched technology. Details of VoIP is here.

    

Since, LTE is truely IP based i.e it only supports packet switching with its all IP network.  This is good when we are using data service, but what will happen if call is initiated or received??

So for this problems, LTE have 3 different options:

1. VoLTE

2. Circuit switched fallback: In this method, when call is initiated or received, the Control signal and Traffic signal switched over to 3G or 2G providing  the circuit switched transmission of voice. 

3. Simultaneous Voice and LTE (SVLTE):In this method, the mobile handset use both LTE for data service  and Circuit switched for voice transceiver. 

Rise of VoLTE:

Due to circuit switched fallback, there is substantial decrease in voice quality since, for every time the call is made and received , the connectivity of LTE gets disconnected and switched to 3G/2G. This delay between switching ,which result is cal drop, poor voice quality, cross talk,etc. Also LTE was previously developed only to improve the data service but wasn't careful on Voice.  So to incorporate this problems of voice call, there have been developed of VoLTE. 

VoLTE is just a software (OS)which will be installed in the UE(user equipment) and the LTE network. Since LTE network is a hardware whereas VoLTE is a software. So now ,when the call is initiated, the voice will transmit over IP or data service instead of circuit switched technology. That means our phone now will not use the voice channel but will use the packet or data service channel in the form of Packet. This enables the use of higher bandwidth for voice transmission and thus there will be superior quality of voice.

So using VoLTE in LTE network provides the transmission of voice in the form of packets or IP over data service. There are many handsets that supports the VoLTE and many carriers which are implementing the VoLTE technology. 

As of 2017  January , the total operator deploying VoLTE has reached 40, over their LTE network.

Many handsets are available which supports VoLTE.

White Space Radio|Next Generation Communication

White Space Radio|Next Generation Communication 

"Everything you need to know about White Space"

"White  Space" refers to the unused broadcasting frequencies. According to Center for white space communicaton, white space is termed as-"parts of the radio spectrum that are not utilized all of the time or in all geographical locations". 

Since,there are many frequencies which are divided into different spectrum by international and national authority for different purposes. So among those frequency also, there is frequency gap maintained to mitigate the interference among the divided frequency- which is called guard band or guard frequency.

Beside, guard frequency; the switch-over of analog TV to Digital TV have leftover unused many frequency. Since, digital transmission broadcast many signals by compressing in parallel which on conclusion left unused frequency. So such frequency is termed as white space. And the technology is termed as white space technology.

To use such white space frequency, special devices known as White space devices(WSD) have to be used. The WSD have to be present to both sides. The WSD are designed to detect the presence of existing but unused areas of frequency and utilize these unused frequency for internet connectivity or other broadcasting purpose. Currently the WSD are manufactured by Adaptrum, Carlson wireless, Redline communications,etc.

Tech company like Microsoft, Google, Nokia, BBC too have been keen motivated in upgrading of White space radio. They have been doing research in different university and lab of different country. United states, United kingdom, Canada have been doing trail in various states. 
In July 2013, West Virginia University became the first university in the United States to use vacant broadcast TV channels to provide the campus and nearby areas with wireless broadband internet service. 

There is much more potential in developing countries and in rural areas. Developing countries yet have not access to internet connectivity to school and houses. 
The cell tower once established can serve upto 10 km in distance so this helps in point to point connectivity for long distance. 

Kenya, South Africa, Namibia are the countries where there have been use of white space to deliver the internet connectivity in rural areas and schools. Soon other developing countries of Africa and Asia will be adopting this White Space radio. India on making "Digital India" will make better utilize of this radio.

The History of VoIP, which you must know

VoIP History 

VoIP is the fastest growing technology. Where did all this technology came from and how it is developed? Lets go back into time and find out all this things. But before this, If you are unknown about the VoIP and its working process, simply click the highlighted text.

  

Pic: Analog Switching system for PSTN during 1960

In 1973, Motorola made the first phone call using cellular technology to Bell Labs. Now after the cellular technology, VOIP story actually started in the summer of 1974, when the ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency)  sent a 16 kb/s real time voice sample between computers based at the information Sciences Institute and the Lincoln lab, United States. 

In the preceding year, there was no much more influence and growth of broadband Internet, So this has been the major influence in the VoIP. But in back 1995, the Vocaltec, software company achieved the initial success with Internet phone and delivering VoIP software application. This have been the breakthrough in the growing of voice over IP.  

In 1998, in USA alone , 1% of all calls was done through VoIP. By 2000, this percent have been increased to 3%.  

In the later years, with the surplus increase in broadband connectivity , VoIP market have been rampant increase.  In 2004, VoIP telephony had begun with the introduction of VoIP calling plans, which is similar to telephone company and using PSTN. Very low rate, offer and discount have heavily increase the market of VoIP. But with increasing VoIP services, many telecom operators have been been faced  loss in millions of dollars monthly due to call bypass and terminating the call without the use of operator gateway. So some country, still have set the VoIP illegal.

What is VoIP and How VoIP works

In this Post, we will discuss in-depth knowledge regarding VoIP and will cover  major topic which includes:

1. What is VoIP and how it works?

2. VoIP history

3. What is VoIP phone system?

4. VoIP business 

5. How VoIP is challenging the telecom operators around the               world?

6. Technology used in VoIP service 

7. Many more including how to set up VoIP by yourself

What is VoIP ?

VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It is used to send our voice signals via internet communication method instead of local telephone company. VoIP technology involves sending of analog signals(our talks) by converting into digital discrete signals and transmit the discrete signals in the form of packet data via internet. One of the widely used VoIP example is Skype, Viber, etc. 

How it works different from mobile phone and PSTN ?

In PSTN, our voice is transmitted over copper wire as an analog signals between frequency 0-4KHz. In modern cell phone, the cell phone converts our voice into an electrical signals, which is then transmitted as radio waves with using different modulation technique to secure our privacy. 

But in case of VoIP, the voice signals is converted into packet data, i.e  the voice signals are break down and is changed into the packet data. For this various codec method is used.The packet size is defines by the voice over ip packet structure. For example , if size is 4Kb then we can roughly conclude that our voice signals is converted into 4Kb packet size and send over internet time and again. This process is very fast, which is just a work of fraction of second and we cannot even notice it. 
Now in the other end, the packet data is now decrypted. And the packet data is converted to the standard audio signal. Thus communication is established.

Don't miss the history of VoIP.

4G in Nepal!!! Is really a 4G or LTE??? It’s Scope and Hurdles…

4G in Nepal!!! Is really a 4G or LTE??? It’s Scope and Hurdles…

Finally,Nepal government, Ministry of Information and Communication have decided to adopt a technology neutral policy to allow operators to lunch 4G using the 1800-MHz. So now operators can lunch the 4G service to its customers.

Before few weeks, Nepal Telecommunication Authority(NTA) : a government head body that monitors, governs and regulates the telecom operators  in Nepal: announces  that  it is preparing for the frequency spectrum , frequency distribution and cost analysis &  also announces for submission of proposal  for 4G operation to the operators. This declaration has opened the door for the telecom Operators to lunch the 4G LTE service in Nepal. This announcement has been taken a good response from the public people as well.

Is it really a 4G or LTE???

4G is the 4^th generation mobile data service with its high speed download and upload of packet data.

LTE is Long Term Evolution as the next generation data service aimed to fulfill the demand of 3^rd generation data scarcity. LTE have been constantly developed and improved. So LTE-A (A-advanced) is the next generation LTE service. LTE can be upgraded with the utilization on ongoing GSM and UMTS carrier.

Many of us and even operators have been consciously used the term LTE and 4G interchangeably. Technically they are different.  4G define the D/L (Downlink) data rates of 100Mb/s during high mobility i.e during travelling with high speed on bus, trains & 1 Gb/s during stationary. Now let’s examine the speed on those countries where 4G is deployed. The above speed has not been achieved yet. Cellphone power, cell phone antenna, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), carrier aggregation, etc. are the several technical challenges behind this.

However, on contrary LTE defines the theoretical speed of 100Mb/s as D/L. The practical speed has been varied among operators. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. LTE have been in operation in 16 countries as of 2015 and is being deployed by 140 operators in 56 countries.

The two major operators NT and Ncell on their statement expressed, they are willing to lunch the 4G LTE service. 

NT plans to provide within all 75 districts of Nepal 4G service by 2017/18 but it hasn’t been able to keep up its place to meet its targets. Since, NT still hasn’t provided 3G service to all over Nepal. Its in the expansion process. So to meets its target is yet dubious and challenging itself.

Ncell now owned by Axiata Group, a competitor of NT has been  focused on quality services with adaption of 3G. Focusing on major cities, it has already provided 3G services. Ncell have shown keen interest for adoption of 4G-LTE  before few months. At that time even NTA had not been prepared and planned for frequency distribution .

China builds fastest supercomputer with it's own advanced "CHIP"

China have been dominating world on Supercomputer battle for few years. 

Now it have enormously become the world top supercomputer holder with its own processor after US restricted in using Intel  chips,as published on June by top500.org
It is the first system to exceed 100 petaflops. A petaflop equals one thousand trillion(one quadrillion) sustained floating-point operations per second. 

The fasted supercomputer was named as  "Sunway Taihulight". The "Sunway Taihulight" has a peak processing speed of 125 petaflops per second while averaging at 93.It's calculation capacity in one minute equals 32 years of calculation by the world 7 billion people using calculators.

Internet Radio

Internet Radio 

AM and FM broadcasting is to all broadcasting type whereas internal radio can be one to one(uni-casting) or one to many(multicasting).

Internet radio is an audio broadcasting service transmitted via internet. Broadcasting on internet is usually referred as webcasting. Internet radio involves streaming medium that presents listeners with continuous stream of audio, using lossy audio codec. Streaming format includes MPs, Window Media Audio, Real audio.

Program produced by studio is feed to an encoder which compressors the audio and encodes  for distribution over internet. Hardware or software encoding can be used.

The compressed stream is feed to server which copies the stream for each of the client. The service provider allocates certain bandwidth for the feed.

The data stream is transmitted over public internet where each data is broken into packets and distributed using internet protocol.

Online Colleges: Learn anywhere, Learn Anytime

Online Colleges and Education: Learn Anywhere, Learn Anytime

There are around 23 thousand universities around the world. Every year more than 200 million students enrolled in colleges and universities around the world. USA alone, in fall 2015 expects to enroll 20.2 million students in Colleges and University Education among its around 4200 university and colleges. 

In USA alone, yearly 2.2 million people have their degree through online education and this number is increasingly rapidly. The significant increase towards having online degree may have been effected by the low cost, time saving, and flexibility for access to education.

Worldwide more than thousand of university offer online courses. From top ranking university like Harvard and MIT, to community colleges are offering the distant learning education system. Many of among those universities also provide free online courses and charge few dollars for exam and certification card. 

The rampant increase in online degree education have saved time of students and thus students can utilize the time for other work. They can engage in part time jobs along with getting university degree. Though some of the courses are of very short duration although they are very magic-effective. As a result, short term training courses have been very effective like professional course in programming, learning grammar and punctuation,skeptic drawing,etc. 

I have listed top 10 online colleges and universities that have been in top position according to "thebestschools.org". They have been imparting online education to its students through Radio or Television, World Wide Web, Mail, Podcast, Online Video, Video Conferencing,etc.

1. Penn State World Campus

2. University of Florida: Distance Learning

3. Umores online

4. Boston University

5. Northeastern University

6. Indiana University,IU Online

7. Arizona State University, ASU Online

8. Florida State University, Office of Distant Learning 

9. Drexel University, Drexel Online

10. Oregon State University, OSU Campus

These universities offer various courses on Undergraduate, Graduate, Postgraduate and Doctorate Level. Some of the courses they offer are:

1) E-MBA

2) Programming like C,C++,Java, Python

3) Image Processing using Matlab

4) Big Data

5) Project Management

6) Machine Learning

7) Medical Neuroscience

8) Data Science

9) Language Learning like Spanish, German, Japanese,etc

10) Excel, MS-Word, PowerPoint,etc and many more

Also there are many more free online courses which have been providing by non-profit organization like edX which contains courses of MIT, Harvard, Cornell University,Australian National University,and many more. 

Astrological findings

There is a myth when and how the earth was born. As far the people begun to civilize on the western culture,  there was belief that there was the existence of the astrological findings on the eastern country.
The Hinduism, Sanskrit where there is clearly written that the astrological findings have been noted. The scientist on other hand is still working to find the stars , galaxy and heavenly bodies. 

Isn't it amazing that the books of Sanskrit have defined the astrology and its findings , with out even developed of the 
spaceship??? 
The books of the Sanskrit have written many more facts of the celestial bodies. The rotation of the earth and time by which 
the heavenly bodies evolve is already defined. 

The Fortune of the people have been told....

the astrological study of the Hinduism have the set of rules and formulas that have been derived in the books of Sanskrit.
The Astrologer used those data and coincide with the people in accordance with their date of birth. 
The effect of the planet and their satellites on the human bodies have been already founded by the "Gurus" which  is called the "MAHARISHI". The scientist is still on working to prove the facts of the Sanskrit.
Now a days many more websites and even more the mobile apps have been created which gives you the information about your future along with your past events.
Although scientist don't fully accept the facts of the eastern astrology but they could not deny it.